آموزش

Control the movement of a selection
• To constrain the direction to multiples of 45°, begin dragging, and then hold down Shift as you continue to drag.
• To move the selection in 1-pixel increments, use an arrow key.
• To move the selection in 10-pixel increments, hold down Shift, and use an arrow key.

Hide or show selection edges
Do one of the following:
• Choose View > Extras. This command shows or hides selection edges, grids, guides, target paths, slices, annotations, layer borders, count, and smart guide.
• Choose View > Show > Selection Edges. This toggles the view of the selection edges and affects the current selection only. The selection edges reappear when you make a different selection.

Select the unselected parts of an image
❖ Choose Select > Inverse.
You can use this option to select an object placed against a solid-colored background. Select the background using the Magic Wand tool and then invert the selection.

Expand or contract a selection by a specific number of pixels
• Use a selection tool to make a selection.
• Choose Select > Modify > Expand or Contract.
• For Expand By or Contract By, enter a pixel value between 1 and 100, and click OK.

Create a selection around a selection border
 Use a selection tool to make a selection.
 Choose Select > Modify > Border.
 Enter a value between 1 and 200 pixels for the border width of the new selection, and click OK.
The new selection frames the original selected area, and is centered on the original selection border. For example, a border width of 20 pixels creates a new, soft-edged selection that extends 10 pixels inside the original selection border and 10 pixels outside it.

Expand a selection to include areas with similar color
Do one of the following:
• Choose Select > Grow to include all adjacent pixels falling within the tolerance range specified in the Magic Wand options.
• Choose Select > Similar to include pixels throughout the image, not just adjacent ones, falling within the tolerance range.
To increase the selection in increments, choose either command more than once.
Note: You cannot use the Grow and Similar commands on Bitmap mode images or 32-bits-per-channel images.

Soften the edges of selections
You can smooth the hard edges of a selection by anti-aliasing and by feathering.
Anti-aliasing Smooths the jagged edges of a selection by softening the color transition between edge pixels and background pixels. Because only the edge pixels change, no detail is lost. Anti-aliasing is useful when cutting, copying, and pasting selections to create composite images.
Note: You must specify this option before using these tools. After a selection is made, you cannot add anti-aliasing.

Select pixels using anti-aliasing
o Select the Lasso tool, the Polygonal Lasso tool, the Magnetic Lasso tool, the Elliptical Marquee tool, or the Magic Wand tool.
o Select Anti-aliased in the options bar.
Define a feathered edge for a selection tool
 Select any of the lasso or marquee tools.
 Enter a Feather value in the options bar. This value defines the width of the feathered edge and can range from 0 to 250 pixels.

Define a feathered edge for an existing selection
• Choose Select > Modify > Feather.
• Enter a value for the Feather Radius, and click OK.

Remove fringe pixels from a selection
When you move or paste an anti-aliased selection, some of the pixels surrounding the selection border are included with the selection. This can result in a fringe or halo around the edges of the pasted selection. These Layer > Matting commands let you edit unwanted edge pixels:
• Color Decontaminate replaces background colors in fringe pixels with the color of fully selected pixels nearby.
• Defringe replaces the color of fringe pixels with the color of pixels farther in from the edge of the selection that lack the background color.
• Remove Black Matte and Remove White Matte are useful when a selection is anti-aliased against a white or black background and you want to paste it onto a different background. For example, anti-aliased black text on a white background has gray pixels at the edges, which are visible against a colored background.
Note: You can also remove fringe areas by using the Advanced Blending sliders in the Layer Styles dialog box to remove, or make transparent, areas from the layer. In this case, you would make the black or white areas transparent. Alt-click (Windows) or Option-click (Mac OS) the sliders to separate them; separating the sliders allows you to remove fringe pixels and retain a smooth edge.

Decrease fringe on a selection
• Choose Layer > Matting > Defringe.
• Enter a value in the Width box to specify the area in which to search for replacement pixels. In most cases, a distance of 1 or 2 pixels is enough.
• Click OK.

Remove a matte from a selection
❖ Choose Layer > Matting > Remove Black Matte or Layer > Matting > Remove White Matte.

Move a selection
• Select the Move tool
• Move the pointer inside the selection border, and drag the selection to a new position. If you have selected multiple areas, all move as you drag.

Understanding the copy and paste commands
Copy Copies the selected area on the active layer.
Copy Merged Makes a merged copy of all the visible layers in the selected area.
Paste Pastes a copied selection into another part of the image or into another image as a new layer. If you have a selection, the Paste command places the copied selection over the current selection. Without an active selection, Paste places the copied selection in the middle of the view area.
Paste In Place If the clipboard contains pixels copied from another Photoshop document, pastes the selection into the same relative location in the target document as it occupied in the source.
Paste Into or Paste Outside Pastes a copied selection into or outside another selection in any image. The source selection is pasted onto a new layer, and the destination selection border is converted into a layer mask.

Copy a selection
• Select the area you want to copy.
• Choose Edit > Copy, or Edit > Copy Merged.

Copy a selection while dragging
• Select the Move tool, or hold down Ctrl (Windows) or Command (Mac OS) to activate the Move tool.
• Hold down Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS), and drag the selection you want to copy and move.

Create multiple copies of a selection within an image
❖ Select the Move tool , or hold down Ctrl (Windows) or Command (Mac OS) to activate the Move tool.
❖ Copy the selection:
• Hold down Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS), and drag the selection.
• To copy the selection and offset the duplicate by 1 pixel, hold down Alt or Option, and press an arrow key.
• To copy the selection and offset the duplicate by 10 pixels, press Alt+Shift (Windows) or Option+Shift (Mac OS), and press an arrow key.
As long as you hold down Alt or Option, each press of an arrow key creates a copy of the selection and offsets it by the specified distance from the last duplicate. In this case, the copy is made on the same layer.

Paste one selection into or outside another
❖ Cut or copy the part of the image you want to paste.
❖ In the same image or another, select the area you want to paste into or outside.
Note: If you’re pasting outside, select an area smaller than the copied selection.
❖ Do either of the following:
• Choose Edit > Paste Special > Paste Into. The contents of the source selection appear within the destination selection.
• Choose Edit > Paste Special > Paste Outside. The contents of the source selection appear around the destination selection.
The Paste Into or Paste Outside command adds a layer and layer mask to the image. In the Layers panel, the new layer contains a layer thumbnail for the pasted selection next to a layer mask thumbnail. The layer mask is based on the selection you pasted into: the selection is unmasked (white), the rest of the layer is masked (black). The layer and layer mask are unlinked—that is, you can move each one independently.

Filter Photoshop layers (CC, CS6)
At the top of the Layers panel, the filtering options help you find key layers in complex documents quickly. You can display a subset of layers based on name, kind, effect, mode, attribute, or color label.
• Choose a filter type from the popup menu.
• Select or enter the filter criteria.
• Click the toggle switch to switch layer filtering on or off.

Convert a background into a Photoshop layer
• Double-click Background in the Layers panel, or choose Layer > New > Layer From Background.
• Set layer options.
• Click OK.
Convert a Photoshop layer into a background
• Select a Photoshop layer in the Layers panel.
• Choose Layer > New > Background From Layer.
Any transparent pixels in the layer are converted to the background color, and the layer drops to the bottom of the layer stack.
Note: You cannot create a background by giving a regular layer the name, Background—you must use the Background From Layer command.

Duplicate a Photoshop layer or group within an image
❖ Select a layer or group in the Layers panel.
❖ Do one of the following:
• Drag the layer or group to the Create a New Layer button
• Choose Duplicate Layer or Duplicate Group from the Layers menu or the Layers panel menu. Enter a name for the layer or group, and click OK.

Create a new document from a Photoshop layer or group
• Select a layer or group from the Layers panel.
• Choose Duplicate Layer or Duplicate Group from the Layers menu or the Layers panel menu.
• Choose New from the Document pop-up menu, and click OK.

Sample from all visible Photoshop layers
The default behavior of the Mixer Brush, Magic Wand, Smudge, Blur, Sharpen, Paint Bucket, Clone Stamp, and Healing Brush tools is to sample color only from pixels on the active layer. This means you can smudge or sample in a single layer.
❖ To smudge or sample pixels from all visible layers with these tools, select Sample All Layers from the options bar.

Generate image assets from layers
You can generate JPEG, PNG, or GIF image assets from the contents of a layer or layer group in a PSD file. Assets are automatically generated when you append a supported image format extension to a layer name or a layer group name.
Optionally, you can also specify quality and size parameters for the generated image assets.

Smart object benefits
With Smart Objects, you can:
• Perform nondestructive transforms. You can scale, rotate, skew, distort, perspective transform, or warp a layer without losing original image data or quality because the transforms don’t affect the original data.
• Work with vector data, such as vector artwork from Illustrator, that otherwise would be rasterized in Photoshop.
• Perform nondestructive filtering. You can edit filters applied to Smart Objects at any time.
• Edit one Smart Object and automatically update all its linked instances.
• Apply a layer mask that’s either linked or unlinked to the Smart Object layer.
• Try various designs with low-resolution placeholder images that you later replace with final versions.
You can’t perform operations that alter pixel data—such as painting, dodging, burning, or cloning—directly to a Smart Object layer, unless it is first converted into a regular layer, which will be rasterized. To perform operations that alter pixel data, you can edit the contents of a Smart Object, clone a new layer above the Smart Object layer, edit duplicates of the Smart Object, or create a new layer.
Note: When you transform a Smart Object that has a Smart Filter applied to it, Photoshop turns off filter effects while the transform is being performed. Filter effects are applied again after the transform is complete.

Create embedded Smart Objects | CC, CS6
You can create embedded Smart objects using several methods: by using the Open As Smart Object command; placing a file (CS6) or placing a file as embedded (CC, CS6), pasting data from Illustrator; or converting one or more Photoshop layers to Smart Objects.
❖ Do any of the following:
• (CC) Choose File > Place Embedded to import files as Smart Objects into an open Photoshop document.
• Choose File > Open As Smart Object, select a file, and click Open.
• (CS6) Choose File> Place to import files as Smart Objects into an open Photoshop document.
Note: Although you can place JPEG files, it’s better to place PSD, TIFF, or PSB files because you can add layers, modify pixels, and resave the file without loss. (Saving a modified JPEG file requires you to flatten new layers and recompress the image, causing image quality degradation).
• Choose Layer > Smart Object > Convert to Smart Object to convert a selected layer into a Smart Object.
• In Bridge, choose File > Place > In Photoshop to import a file as a Smart Object into an open Photoshop document.
Note: An easy way to work with camera raw files is to open them as Smart Objects. You can double-click the Smart Object layer containing the raw file at any time to adjust the Camera Raw settings.
• Select one or more layers and choose Layer > Smart Objects > Convert To Smart Object. The layers are bundled into one Smart Object.
• Drag PDF or Adobe Illustrator layers or objects into a Photoshop document.
• Paste artwork from Illustrator into a Photoshop document, and choose Smart Object in the Paste dialog box. For the greatest flexibility, enable both PDF and AICB (No Transparency Support) in the File Handling & Clipboard section of the Preferences dialog box in Adobe Illustrator.

Rasterize layers
You cannot use the painting tools or filters on layers that contain vector data (such as type layers, shape layers, vector masks, or Smart Objects) and generated data (such as fill layers). However, you can rasterize these layers to convert their contents into a flat, raster image.
❖ Select the layers you want to rasterize, choose Layer > Rasterize, and then choose an option from the submenu:
Type Rasterizes the type on a type layer. It does not rasterize any other vector data on the layer.
Shape Rasterizes a shape layer.
Fill Content Rasterizes the fill of a shape layer, leaving the vector mask.
Vector Mask Rasterizes the vector mask on a layer, turning it into a layer mask.
Smart Object Converts a Smart Object into a raster layer.
Video Rasterizes the current video frame to an image layer.
۳D (Extended only) Rasterizes the current view of 3D data into a flat raster layer.
Layer Rasterizes all vector data on the selected layers.
All Layers Rasterizes all layers that contain vector and generated data.
Note: To rasterize linked layers, select a linked layer, choose Layer > Select Linked Layers, and then rasterize the selected layers.

Export layers
You can export all layers or visible layers to separate files.
❖ Choose File > Scripts > Export Layers To Files.

Merge two layers or groups
• Make sure that the layers and groups you want to merge are visible.
• Select the layers and groups you want to merge.
• Choose Layer > Merge Layers.
Note: You can merge two adjacent layers or groups by selecting the top item and then choosing Layer > Merge Layers. You can merge linked layers by choosing Layer > Select Linked Layers, and then merging the selected layers. You can merge two 3D layers by choosing Layer > Merge Layers; they will share the same scene and the top layer will inherit the bottom layer 3D properties (the camera views must be the same for this to be enabled).

Merge all visible layers and groups in an image
❖ Choose Merge Visible from the Layers panel or the Layers panel menu. All layers showing an eye icon are merged.
Note: A visible layer must be selected to enable the Merge Visible command.

Stamp multiple layers or linked layers
When you stamp multiple selected layers or linked layers, Photoshop creates a new layer containing the merged content.
• Select multiple layers.
• Press Ctrl+Alt+E (Windows) or Command+Option+E (Mac OS).

Stamp all visible layers
• Turn visibility on for the layers you want to merge.
• Press Shift+Ctrl+Alt+E (Windows) or Shift+Command+Option+E (Mac OS).
 Photoshop creates a new layer containing the merged content.

Flatten all layers
Flattening reduces file size by merging all visible layers into the background and discarding hidden layers. Any transparent areas that remain are filled with white. When you save a flattened image, you cannot revert back to the unflattened state; the layers are permanently merged.
Note: Converting an image between some color modes flattens the file. Save a copy of your file with all layers intact if you want to edit the original image after the conversion.
• Make sure that all the layers you want to keep are visible.
• Choose Layer > Flatten Image, or choose Flatten Image from the Layers panel menu.